New varieties of Korean chrysanthemum

The chrysanthemum culture is one of the oldest in human civilization. In Vietnam, chrysanthemum personifies spiritual purity and rationality, in China - wisdom and longevity, in Japan - happiness, success, luck. This beautiful autumn queen, sung in world poetry, still charms people with the variety and richness of colors [1, 2].

As for the well-known garden group "Korean hybrids", to which the varieties described in this article belong, it is relatively young. The appearance of these cultivars dates back to 1928, when the American breeder A. Kaming first got a hybrid from crossing the Siberian chrysanthemum, brought by him from Korea, with a small-flowered variety ‘Ruth Hatton’. They are valued for their long flowering: from mid-July to late September - in early varieties, from August-September to severe frosts (minus 5 ° С) - in middle and late varieties.

Due to the high decorativeness of the inflorescences and the extraordinary resistance to low temperatures, these chrysanthemums are very popular in the backyard and summer cottages. They are suitable for decorating autumn landscape compositions and obtaining an excellent cut, stable during transportation [1,3].

Unfortunately, despite the existence of domestic varieties, industrial floriculture, as well as scientific institutions of the Russian Federation, mainly work with introduced cultivars of foreign selection.

For the Republic of Bashkortostan, small-flowered chrysanthemums are a relatively new culture. Botanists and breeders of the Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences were faced with the task of studying introduced domestic and foreign varieties, selecting the best ones for use in landscaping and obtaining cuttings, and also creating their own cultivars that are resistant to the local climate.

Objects and Methods

For this in 2004-2006. As a result of free pollination among the best varieties of Korean chrysanthemum (‘Amethyst’, ‘Koreanochka’, ‘Syaivo’, ‘Svemba Kars’, ‘Isabel’, ‘First Snow’, ‘Evening Lights’), hybrid seedlings were obtained. The assessment of promising plants was carried out according to the method of state variety testing [4] and a package of documents of the State Commission of the Russian Federation for testing and protection of breeding achievements.

Results and its discussion

In 2011-2012 42 promising seedlings successfully passed the state variety testing and were included in the State Register of Plants Admitted for Use (authors: L.A. Tukhvatullina, L.N. Mironova, V.G.Shipaeva). Below is the characteristics of new varieties that are resistant to adverse weather conditions, diseases and pests. They are heat-tolerant, drought and winter hardiness are average. Recommended as garden plants for central Russia [5, 6, 7].

• ‘Altyn Ai'(Copyright certificate No. 51980). The bush is 57 cm high, 47 cm in diameter, closed, strong foliage, medium growth. The leaves are dark green. Peduncles are very strong. The inflorescences are terry, dense, 8 cm in diameter, yellow, the color does not fade, the aroma is strong. Abundant flowering, begins in mid-August, lasts 66 days.
• ‘Alfira'(No. 58408). The bush is 60 cm high, 55 cm in diameter, erect, strong foliage, grows quickly. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, dense, 4.5 cm in diameter, red, slightly fade, medium aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 107 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on September 1 (massive - September 25), lasts 65 days.
• ‘Atysh'(No. 58419). The bush is 60 cm high, 55 cm in diameter, semi-sprawling, medium foliage, grows quickly. The leaves are green. Peduncles of medium strength. The inflorescences are semi-double, dense, 6 cm in diameter, pink, do not fade, the aroma is weak. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 77 days. Abundant flowering occurs on July 22 (massive - September 17), lasts 99 days.
• ‘Afarin'(No. 58418). The bush is 50 cm high, 35 cm in diameter, erect, weak foliage, grows slowly. The leaves are green.The flower stalks are strong. Terry inflorescences, medium density, 7 cm in diameter, bronze color, slightly fade, light aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 75 days. Flowering occurs on July 20 (massive - August 15), lasts 101 days.
• ‘Bayram'(No. 52155). The bush is 60 cm high, 45 cm in diameter, semi-spreading, strong foliage, medium growth. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, 6 cm in diameter, mauve, do not fade, specific aroma. Abundant flowering, occurs on July 25, lasts 78 days.
• ‘White River'(No. 58427). The bush is 60 cm high, 50 cm in diameter, semi-spreading, strong foliage, medium growth. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, dense, 6.5 cm in diameter, white, medium aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 102 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on August 20 (massive - September 25), lasts 74 days.
• ‘Watan'(No. 58426). The bush is 47 cm high, 45 cm in diameter, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are dark green, smooth. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, medium density, 6.5 cm in diameter, yellow with orange-red stripes, do not fade, specific aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 83 days. Abundant flowering occurs on August 1 (massive - September 5), lasts 75 days.
• ‘Vivat Botaniku'(No. 52165). The bush is 53 cm high, 35 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 6.5 cm in diameter, yellow, slightly fade, specific aroma. Abundant flowering, occurs in mid-August, lasts 62 days.
• ‘Waves of Agidel'(No. 52159). The bush is 40 cm high, 51 cm in diameter, semi-spreading, strong foliage, medium growth. The leaves are dark green. Peduncles of medium strength. The inflorescences are semi-double, 6.5 cm in diameter, white, with a specific aroma. Flowering begins in early August, lasts 82 days.
• ‘Gulfia'(No. 58425). The bush is 60 cm high, 50 cm in diameter, erect, medium foliage, grows quickly. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, dense, 8 cm in diameter, reddish-orange, slightly fade, medium aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 95 days. Flowering occurs on August 10 (massive - September 1), lasts 80 days.
• ‘Guzel'(No. 58420). The bush is 42 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are dark green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, dense, 6.5 cm in diameter, yellow, do not fade, weak aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 78 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on July 23 (massive - August 25), lasts 98 days.
• ‘Dina'(No. 51978). The bush is 42 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, erect, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 8 cm in diameter, white, specific aroma. Flowering begins on August 10, lasts 67 days.
• ‘Director Z.Kh. Shigapov'(No. 51974). The bush is 82 cm high, 65 cm in diameter, medium foliage, grows rapidly. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Terry inflorescences, 7 cm in diameter, purple, slightly fade, medium aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on August 25, lasts 62 days.
• ‘Doctor V.P. Putenikhin'(No. 51972). The bush is 47 cm high, 49 cm in diameter, semi-spreading, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 8 cm in diameter, yellow, do not fade, medium aroma. Flowering begins on July 20, lasts 74 days.
• ‘Duslyk 450'(No. 52163). The bush is 62 cm high, 65 cm in diameter, erect, strong foliage, grows rapidly. The leaves are dark green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 6 cm in diameter, dark red, do not fade, specific aroma. Flowering begins on September 5, lasts 45 days.
• ‘Crane Song'(No. 58410). The bush is 70 cm high, 45 cm in diameter, erect, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. Peduncles are very strong.Inflorescences are non-double, of medium density, 6.5 cm in diameter, purple, slightly fade, specific aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 97 days. Flowering begins on August 15 (massive - September 20), lasts 72 days.
• ‘Zagir Ismagilov'(No. 51970). The bush is 42 cm high, 50 cm in diameter, closed, compact, medium foliage, grows rapidly. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 5 cm in diameter, white, medium aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on July 10, lasts 87 days.
• ‘Zemfira'(No. 52151). The bush is 50 cm high, 50 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, 4.5 cm in diameter, light pink, slightly fade, specific aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on July 25, lasts 80 days.
• ‘Golden Yurt'(No. 52147). The bush is 35 cm high, 45 cm in diameter, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are dark green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 5.5 cm in diameter, yellowish-orange, slightly fade, specific aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on July 10, lasts 77 days.
• ‘Zuhra'(AS No. 58411). The bush is 75 cm high, 65 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, medium density, 6.5 cm in diameter, purple, do not fade, specific aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 91 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on August 10 (massive - September 15), lasts 71 days.
• ‘Kandry-Kul'(No. 58412). The bush is 45 cm high, 50 cm in diameter, semi-sprawling, medium foliage, grows quickly. The leaves are green. Peduncles of medium strength. Inflorescences are semi-double, medium density, 6 cm in diameter, purple, slightly fade, specific aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 87 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on August 5 (massive - September 10), lasts 83 days.
• ‘Karaidel'(No. 58422). The bush is 40 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. Peduncles of medium strength. Inflorescences are semi-double, dense, 7 cm in diameter, white, weak aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 73 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on July 18 (massive - August 5), lasts 103 days.
• ‘Leysan'(No. 58416). The bush is 50 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, erect, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are dark green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, dense, 7.5 cm in diameter, purple, slightly fade, medium aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 75 days. Abundant flowering occurs on July 20 (massive - August 13), lasts 91 days.
• ‘Lenvera'(No. 51968). The bush is 57 cm high, 49 cm in diameter, semi-sprawling, medium foliage, grows rapidly. The leaves are dark green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 6.5 cm in diameter, purple with a pinkish-yellowish tinge, do not fade, strong aroma. Flowering begins on August 1, lasts 81 days.
• ‘Mazhit Gafuri'(AS No. 58415). The bush is 40 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are dark green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, medium density, 6 cm in diameter, orange-red, slightly fade, light aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 91 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on August 5 (massive - August 27), lasts 75 days.
• ‘Nasima'(No. 58424). The bush is 65 cm high, 55 cm in diameter, erect, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. Peduncles are very strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, dense, 6.5 cm in diameter, orange, slightly fade, specific aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 90 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on August 15 (massive - September 15), lasts 77 days.
• ‘Nerkes'(No. 58417). The bush is 70 cm high, 47 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, of moderate density, 6.5 cm in diameter, light purple, do not fade, the aroma is not very strong. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 93 days.Abundant flowering, occurs on August 7 (massive - August 14), lasts 83 days.
• ‘Lights of Ufa'(No. 58409). The bush is 45 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, of moderate density, 5.5 cm in diameter, orange-red, do not fade, specific aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 76 days. Flowering occurs on July 25 (massive - August 30), lasts 80 days.
• ‘Autumn Dreams'(No. 51962). The bush is 50 cm high, 45 cm in diameter, semi-spreading, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 7.5 cm in diameter, yellow, slightly fade, strong aroma. Flowering begins on July 10, lasts 88 days.
• ‘In memory of A.K. Mubaryakova'(No. 51960). Bush 34 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, closed, strong foliage, medium growth. The leaves are green. Peduncles are very strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 6 cm in diameter, purple, slightly fade, specific aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on August 10, lasts 66 days.
• ‘In memory of E.V. Kucherova'(No. 51964). The bush is 51 cm high, 56 cm in diameter, semi-sprawling, medium foliage, grows quickly. The leaves are green. Peduncles of medium strength. Inflorescences are semi-double, 7 cm in diameter, orange, slightly fade, medium aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on July 19, lasts 75 days.
• ‘In memory of N.V. Starovoy'(No. 52153). The bush is 53 cm high, 55 cm in diameter, semi-sprawling, strong foliage, medium growth. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 7.5 cm in diameter, lilac-white, slightly fade, specific aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on August 10, lasts 68 days.
• ‘In memory of S.A. Mamaeva'(And.with. No. 52161). The bush is 65 cm high, 52 cm in diameter, semi-spreading, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. Peduncles are very strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 8.5 cm in diameter, color from creamy pink to lilac, do not fade, average aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on September 5, lasts 51 days.
• ‘Polyanka'(No. 58414). The bush is 30 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, semi-spreading, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, medium density, 5.5 cm in diameter, white, weak aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 68 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on July 13 (massive - August 20), lasts 108 days.
• ‘Professor L.M. Abramova'(No. 51966). The bush is 41 cm high, 47 cm in diameter, closed, strong foliage, grows rapidly. The leaves are green. Peduncles are very strong. Inflorescences are non-double, 6.5 cm in diameter, yellowish-orange, slightly fade, specific aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on July 26, lasts 77 days.
• ‘Radik Gareev'(No. 58421). The bush is 50 cm high, 50 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are dark green. Peduncles are very strong. Inflorescences are non-double, dense, 6 cm in diameter, red, slightly fade, light aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 65 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on July 10 (massive - August 1), lasts 111 days.
• ‘Regina'(No. 51976). The bush is 40 cm high, 37 cm in diameter, closed, medium foliage, grows slowly. The leaves are dark green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 7 cm in diameter, purple, slightly fade, strong aroma. Flowering begins on August 5, lasts 82 days.
• ‘Rima Bayburin'(No. 58413). The bush is 35 cm high, 35 cm in diameter, closed, foliage and growth are medium. The leaves are green. Peduncles of medium strength. The inflorescences are terry, dense, 5 cm in diameter, light purple, do not fade, the aroma is medium. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering - 70 days. Abundant flowering, occurs on July 15 (massive - August 7), lasts 106 days.
• ‘Sakmara'(No. 58423). The bush is 40 cm high, 35 cm in diameter, erect, medium foliage, grows slowly. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong.Inflorescences are semi-double, loose, 8 cm in diameter, yellowish-pink, do not fade, average aroma. From the beginning of the growing season to flowering 97 days. Flowering occurs on August 15 (massive - August 30), lasts 62 days.
• ‘Country Aigul'(No. 52157). The bush is 45 cm high, 43 cm in diameter, closed, compact, medium foliage, grows slowly. The leaves are dark green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are semi-double, 7 cm in diameter, purple, slightly fade, specific aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on September 10, lasts 48 days.
• ‘Khadiya Davletshina'(No. 52145). The bush is 44 cm high, 40 cm in diameter, closed, compact, medium foliage, grows slowly. The leaves are dark green. Peduncles of medium strength. The inflorescences are semi-double, 8.5 cm in diameter, purple, do not fade, the aroma is medium. Abundant flowering, begins on August 15, lasts 67 days.
• ‘Shikhans of Bashkiria'(No. 52149). The bush is 77 cm high, 63 cm in diameter, erect, medium foliage, grows quickly. The leaves are green. The flower stalks are strong. Inflorescences are non-double, 7.5 cm in diameter, pale red, slightly fade, medium aroma. Abundant flowering, begins on July 20, lasts 63 days.

Agrotechnics

Chrysanthemums are grown in elevated, open, sunny locations, sheltered from strong winds. A slightly acidic or neutral, well-drained soil with high permeability is suitable for them. The site is prepared in advance: in the fall, organic and mineral fertilizers are introduced for digging. Planting begins in the first decade of May (when the soil warms up well) according to the scheme 40 x 40 cm or 50 x 50 cm, depending on the variety. In order for the root system to develop better, and the bush to be of a beautiful shape, a pinch is done at the end of May or in the first half of June.

Top dressing... They are required throughout the growing season. In the initial period of growth, plants need nitrogen, in the phase of intensive growth - nitrogen and potassium, before budding - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, at the beginning of flowering - phosphorus and potassium. Before the bushes close, they regularly loosen the soil.

Watering... Chrysanthemums normally tolerate dry air and light drying out of the soil. The need for water increases during shoot growth and decreases during budding.

Shelter... Competent carrying out of all agrotechnical measures during the season and the termination of fertilizing by mid-August contribute to the early maturation of stolon-like shoots and better overwintering of plants. After the establishment of negative temperatures in the mother liquors left for the winter in the open ground, the aboveground part is cut off at the soil level and covered with an air-permeable insulating material (foliage of trees and shrubs, straw mats, wood shavings) 15–20 cm thick. The shelter is removed in March-April by as the soil thaws.

Reproduction... The easiest way is to divide the bush. It is held in the spring, when the threat of return frosts has passed. The bush is dug up, young shoots are divided, shoots with roots are immediately planted and watered abundantly.

Chrysanthemums can be propagated by cuttings. In spring or autumn, cut green shoots 10-15 cm long, planted in a soil mixture (humus, peat, sand) and watered well before rooting.

Diseases... Most often they occur due to improper care, usually with insufficient or excessive watering or too high an air temperature.

The most common disease of chrysanthemums is gray rot: light brown spots appear on the plants, the inflorescences rot. Sick specimens must be removed and burned.

Chrysanthemums are also affected by powdery mildew, which can be recognized by the whitish bloom on the leaves. Such plants are sprayed with copper-containing preparations.

There are also other diseases - rust, spotting (septoria), bacterial root cancer. In the first two cases, the plants are sprayed with fungicides, in the latter, they are immediately removed and burned.

Pests... Chrysanthemums are mainly damaged by aphids and spider mites. Against aphids, plants are washed once a week with soapy water.

You can also use such a tool: 200 g of pyrethrum powder is infused in 10 liters of water for 12 hours, then 50 ml of the resulting infusion is diluted in 10 liters of water and 50 g of soap is added. An aqueous garlic extract is used against both pests, as well as ready-made insecticides.

Literature

1. Nedoluzhko A.I. Chrysanthemums for Primorye. - Vladivostok: BSI FEB RAS, 2004 .-- 51 p.

2. Herbaceous decorative perennials of the Main Botanical Garden. N.V. Tsitsin of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Ed. A.S. Demidov. - M .: "Science", 2009. - 400 p.

3. Mironova L.N., Vorontsova A.A., Shipaeva G.V. Results of the introduction and selection of ornamental herbaceous plants in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Part 1. Class Dicotyledons. - M .: "Science", 2006. - 216 p.

4. Methodology for state variety testing of ornamental crops. - M .: Publishing house of the Ministry of Agriculture of the RSFSR, 1960. - P. 117-120.

5. Catalog of plants of the Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Ed. V.P. Putenikhin. - Ufa: "Gilem", 2012. - 224 p.

6. Tukhvatullina L.A. Introduction and selection of Korean chrysanthemum in the Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences // News of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2011. - № 3-4. - S. 61-67.

7. Chrysanthemum. Characteristics of varieties. FSBI "State Commission of the Russian Federation for Testing and Protection of Breeding Achievements", 2012 [Electronic resource]. Access mode: //www.gossort.com/xrcts/xrct_34.html

Photo by authors

"Floriculture", No. 6, 2013